Early Onset Bowel Cancer: DR AVELYN KWOK, GASTROENTEROLOGIST

References:  

1. Sung H. Colorectal cancer incidence trends in younger versus older adults: an analysis of population-based cancer registry data. Lancet 2025 Jan 26;51-63. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00600-4. 
2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024) Cancer data in Australia, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 26th May 2025. 
3. Carethers JM. Commencing colorectal cancer screening at age 45 years in U.S. racial groups. Front Oncology. 2022;12:966998, doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.966998. 
4. DHAC (Department of Health and Aged care) (2024) Lowered eligible age for bowel screening, DHAC, Australian Government, accessed 8 August, 2024.  
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2023c) Table 8.3: Body Mass Index, waist circumference, height and weight, by age and sex [data set], National Health Survey 2022, ABS website, accessed 26th May 2025. 
6. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2023) Physical Activity, National Health Survey 2022, ABS website, accessed 26th May 2025. 
7. Zheng X. Comprehensive Assessment of Diet Quality and Risk of Precursors of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021 May 4;113(5):543-552. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djaa164. PMID: 33136160; PMCID: PMC8096368. 
8. Sinicrope FA. Increasing Incidence of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022 Apr 21;386(16):1547-1558. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2200869. PMID: 35443109. 
9. Demb J. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(5):e2413157. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.13157 
10. Cancer Council Australia. Clinical practice guidelines guidelines for the prevention, early detection and management of colorectal cancer: Population screening, Sydney: Cancer Council Australia, accessed 26th May 2025. 
11. Cancer Council Australia. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, early detection and management of colorectal cancer: Risk and screening based on family history, Sydney: Cancer Council Australia, accessed 26th May 2025. 

Improving Outcomes in ACL Surgery: Dr Jobe Shatrov, Orthopaedic Surgeon 

References: 

1. Claes, S., E. Vereecke, M. Maes, J. Victor, P. Verdonk, and J. Bellemans (2013). Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee, J Anat, 223(4): p. 321-8. 10.1111/joa.12087  
2. O'Brien, S.J., R.F. Warren, T.L. Wickiewicz, B.A. Rawlins, A.A. Allen, R. Panariello, and A.M. Kelly (1991). The iliotibial band lateral sling procedure and its effect on the results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, Am J Sports Med, 19(1): p. 21-4; discussion 24-5. 10.1177/036354659101900104  
3. Strum, G.M., J.M. Fox, R.D. Ferkel, F.H. Dorey, W. Del Pizzo, M.J. Friedman, S.J. Snyder, and K. Markolf (1989). Intraarticular versus intraarticular and extraarticular reconstruction for chronic anterior cruciate ligament instability, Clin Orthop Relat Res, (245): p. 188-98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2752621 
4. Roth, J.H., J.C. Kennedy, H. Lockstadt, C.L. McCallum, and L.A. Cunning (1987). Intra-articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with and without extra-articular supplementation by transfer of the biceps femoris tendon, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 69(2): p. 275-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3805091 
5. Ferretti, A., E. Monaco, A. Redler, G. Argento, A. De Carli, A. Saithna, P.V.P. Helito, and C.P. Helito (2019). High Prevalence of Anterolateral Ligament Abnormalities on MRI in Knees With Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Case-Control Series From the SANTI Study Group, Orthop J Sports Med, 7(6): p. 2325967119852916. 10.1177/2325967119852916 
6. Ferretti, A., E. Monaco, M. Fabbri, B. Maestri, and A. De Carli (2017). Prevalence and Classification of Injuries of Anterolateral Complex in Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears, Arthroscopy, 33(1): p. 147-154. 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.05.010  
7. Parsons, E.M., A.O. Gee, C. Spiekerman, and P.R. Cavanagh (2015). The biomechanical function of the anterolateral ligament of the knee, Am J Sports Med, 43(3): p. 669-74. 10.1177/0363546514562751  
8. Sonnery-Cottet, B., C. Lutz, M. Daggett, F. Dalmay, B. Freychet, L. Niglis, and P. Imbert (2016). The Involvement of the Anterolateral Ligament in Rotational Control of the Knee, Am J Sports Med. 10.1177/0363546515625282  
9. Tramer, J.S., M.S. Fidai, O. Kadri, T.R. Jildeh, Z. Hooda, E.C. Makhni, and T. Lock (2018). Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Practice Patterns Across the United States, Orthop J Sports Med, 6(12): p. 2325967118811063. 10.1177/2325967118811063  
10. Laboudie, P., A. Douiri, N. Bouguennec, A. Biset, and N. Graveleau (2022). Combined ACL and ALL reconstruction reduce the rate of reoperation for graft failure or secondary meniscal lesions in young athletes, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 10.1007/s00167-022-06956-x  
11. Sonnery-Cottet, B., I. Haidar, J. Rayes, T. Fradin, C. Ngbilo, T.D. Vieira, B. Freychet, H. Ouanezar, and A. Saithna (2021). Long-term Graft Rupture Rates After Combined ACL and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Versus Isolated ACL Reconstruction: A Matched-Pair Analysis From the SANTI Study Group, Am J Sports Med, 49(11): p. 2889-2897. 10.1177/03635465211028990  
12. Sonnery-Cottet, B., A. Saithna, M. Cavalier, C. Kajetanek, E.F. Temponi, M. Daggett, C.P. Helito, and M. Thaunat (2017). Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Is Associated With Significantly Reduced ACL Graft Rupture Rates at a Minimum Follow-up of 2 Years: A Prospective Comparative Study of 502 Patients From the SANTI Study Group, Am J Sports Med, 45(7): p. 1547-1557. 10.1177/0363546516686057  
13. Sonnery-Cottet, B., A. Saithna, W.G. Blakeney, H. Ouanezar, A. Borade, M. Daggett, M. Thaunat, J.M. Fayard, and J.R. Delaloye (2018). Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Protects the Repaired Medial Meniscus: A Comparative Study of 383 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions From the SANTI Study Group With a Minimum Follow-up of 2 Years, Am J Sports Med, 46(8): p. 1819-1826. 10.1177/0363546518767659  
14. Getgood, A.M.J., D.M. Bryant, R. Litchfield, M. Heard, R.G. McCormack, A. Rezansoff, D. Peterson, D. Bardana, P.B. MacDonald, P.C.M. Verdonk, T. Spalding, K. Willits, T. Birmingham, C. Hewison, S. Wanlin, A. Firth, R. Pinto, A. Martindale, L. O'Neill, M. Jennings, M. Daniluk, D. Boyer, M. Zomar, K. Moon, R. Pritchett, K. Payne, B. Fan, B. Mohan, G.M. Buchko, L.A. Hiemstra, S. Kerslake, J. Tynedal, G. Stranges, S. Mcrae, L. Gullett, H. Brown, A. Legary, A. Longo, M. Christian, C. Ferguson, N. Mohtadi, R. Barber, D. Chan, C. Campbell, A. Garven, K. Pulsifer, M. Mayer, N. Simunovic, A. Duong, D. Robinson, D. Levy, M. Skelly, A. Shanmugaraj, F. Howells, M. Tough, P. Thompson, A. Metcalfe, L. Asplin, A. Dube, L. Clarkson, J. Brown, A. Bolsover, C. Bradshaw, L. Belgrove, F. Millan, S. Turner, S. Verdugo, J. Lowe, D. Dunne, K. McGowan, C.M. Suddens, G. Declercq, K. Vuylsteke, M. Van Haver, and S.S. Group (2020). Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Reduces Failure of Hamstring Tendon Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: 2-Year Outcomes From the STABILITY Study Randomized Clinical Trial, Am J Sports Med, 48(2): p. 285-297. 10.1177/0363546519896333  
15. Lee, D.W., J.G. Kim, S.I. Cho, and D.H. Kim (2019). Clinical Outcomes of Isolated Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction or in Combination With Anatomic Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction, Am J Sports Med, 47(2): p. 324-333. 10.1177/0363546518815888  
16. Helito, C.P., D.B. Camargo, M.F. Sobrado, M.B. Bonadio, P.N. Giglio, J.R. Pecora, G.L. Camanho, and M.K. Demange (2018). Combined reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament in chronic ACL injuries leads to better clinical outcomes than isolated ACL reconstruction, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 10.1007/s00167-018-4934-2  
17. Helito, C.P., M.F. Sobrado, P.N. Giglio, M.B. Bonadio, J.R. Pécora, G.L. Camanho, and M.K. Demange (2019). Combined Reconstruction of the Anterolateral Ligament in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Ligamentous Hyperlaxity Leads to Better Clinical Stability and a Lower Failure Rate Than Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Arthroscopy, 35(9): p. 2648-2654. 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.03.059  
18. Bonanzinga, T., C. Signorelli, A. Grassi, N. Lopomo, L. Bragonzoni, S. Zaffagnini, and M. Marcacci (2017). Kinematics of ACL and anterolateral ligament. Part I: Combined lesion, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 25(4): p. 1055-1061. 10.1007/s00167-016-4259-y  
19. Marom, N., H. Ouanezar, H. Jahandar, Z.A. Zayyad, T. Fraychineaud, D. Hurwit, C.W. Imhauser, T.L. Wickiewicz, A.D. Pearle, and D.H. Nawabi (2020). Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Reduces Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Force and Anterior Tibial Translation in Response to Applied Pivoting and Anterior Drawer Loads, Am J Sports Med, 48(13): p. 3183-3193. 10.1177/0363546520959322  
20. Inderhaug, E., J.M. Stephen, A. Williams, and A.A. Amis (2017). Anterolateral Tenodesis or Anterolateral Ligament Complex Reconstruction: Effect of Flexion Angle at Graft Fixation When Combined With ACL Reconstruction, Am J Sports Med, 45(13): p. 3089-3097. 10.1177/0363546517724422